Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to identify some of the most vulnerable groups in the Americas; understand how UN and OAS human rights instruments protect health and other related human rights in practice; understand why the enjoyment of the right to health is indispensable for the exercise of other human rights; understand why a greater fulfillment of human rights contributes to the enjoyment of health and wellbeing; and become familiar with practical applications for accomplishing the Regional Expected Results on human rights based approaches to health within PAHO’s Secretariat and at national, regional, and global levels in a manner consistent with PAHO strategic plan.

- Analyze public policies and their impact on equity; - Analyze PHC’s contribution to the reduction of inequities; - Analyze the different approaches and challenges for reducing inequities; - Identify the barriers of access to health care; - Recognize health as a right.

- Review the historical process and impact of PHC at the national and international levels; - Identify the new scenarios and critical factors associated with PHC renewal; - Analyze the values and principles of PHC renewal.

- Identify the central aspects that define the comprehensive PHC approach; - Analyze the integration of health services networks in each participant’s country; - Analyze the competencies of local PHC teams and the relationship with the organization of services and requirements in staff training.

- Identify the elements for managing change toward PHC renewal; - Analyze the specific attributes of PHC renewal that guide health system organization; - Examine the different strategies for quality improvement in PHC-based health systems.

- Know basic concepts regarding pneumococcal epidemiology, transmission, and distribution; - Identify those groups most susceptible to pneumococcal disease; - Recognize the importance of pneumococcal disease as a public health problem; - Understand pneumococcal disease burden and how it varies between developing and developed countries; - Distinguish characteristics of specific pneumococcal disease syndromes.

- Describe practical methods for collecting surveillance data; - Understand how surveillance data guide decisions related to pneumococcal vaccine introduction; - Learn how to use surveillance data to estimate disease burden.

- Recognize the main types of pneumococcal vaccines; - Understand the ways in which the PCV-7 vaccine prevents pneumococcal infections; - Estimate the potential impact of pneumococcal vaccine introduction in your country.

- Evaluate data to choose the most appropriate vaccine; - Determine financing options; - Assess the capacity needs of the health system; - Recognize procurement and regulatory needs; - Support advocacy and communication activities.

- Understand the different methods for evaluating the economics of health interventions, such as introducing a new vaccine; - Understand how to use a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) to measure the costs and benefits of introducing a rotavirus vaccine; - Identify the main drivers of CEA for a rotavirus vaccine; - Conduct a cost analysis for introducing a rotavirus vaccine.