This issue brief was prepared in the context of great local concern about dramatic inequalities in health between neighbourhoods in Hamilton, which correspond closely with long-standing neighbourhood concentrations of poverty. There has been widespread awareness of the problem of concentrated poverty in Hamilton for a long time, but that concern has intensified since April 2010, when the Hamilton Spectator published a series of seven articles – called “Code Red: Where You Live Affects Your Health” – that documented significant concentrations of poverty in select Hamilton neighbourhoods, and showed the dramatic impacts on health.(1-8) The Code Red series reinforced the findings of a variety of other reports including the ongoing Vital Signs series and the findings of many reports by the Hamilton Social Planning and Research Council and other researchers.