We identified only a small amount of new research literature through our updated searches:

1) no new systematic reviews about rapid-learning health systems; 2) one new primary study about rapid-learning health systems, which was focused on a Veterans Health Administration program (see the first row of Table 3 in Appendix A); and 3) one new descriptive case of a rapid-learning health system, which was focused on a nascent initiative in Switzerland (see the first row of table 4 in Appendix A). We provide the full set of identified literature in Tables 2-4 below, which (as noted above) is available as a separate document. We summarize below the key messages from this research literature, but readers more interested in assets and gaps can proceed directly to the next sub-section.