A clinical summary of this KDP was published in the Journal of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic . Nosocomial pneumonia (HAP - Hospital Acquired Pneumonia and VAP - Ventilator Associated Pneumonia) is the second most common nosocomial infection, and even the most common in patients in intensive care units. In terms of morbidity, mortality and economic costs, HAP/VAP represent the most important group of nosocomial infections; and during its treatment we often face the issue of bacterial resistance. Consistent prevention and proper antibiotic therapy can reduce the incidence, increase the success of treatment and limit the increase in bacterial resistance, but nosocomial pneumonia cannot be completely eradicated. It is appropriate to emphasize the importance of adequate antibiotic treatment, not underestimating the patient's condition and at the same time not using broad-spectrum antibiotics where their use is not necessary. It is also important to try to de-escalate treatment early and shorten the duration of antibiotic administration.